Machu Picchu the Palace of the Emperor




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• The Congo-Crimean hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHF) virus causes a series of outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever.
• The mortality rate during outbreaks of CCHF reaches 40%.
• The virus is transmitted to humans, mainly from ticks and livestock. Transmission from person to person can occur as a result of close contact with the blood, secretions, organs, or other body fluids of infected people.
• CCHF is endemic in Africa, the Balkans, the Middle East and Asia, in countries south of the 50th parallel of north latitude.
• There is no vaccine for humans or animals.

• Enzyme immunoassay (ELISA);
• Detection of antigens;
• Serum neutralization;
• Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR);
• Virus isolation in cell cultures.

• Reducing the risk of transmission of the virus from ticks to humans:

1.  Wear protective clothing (long sleeves, long trousers);
2.  Wear light-colored clothing that makes it easy to spot ticks on clothing;
3.  Apply approved acaricides (chemicals used to kill ticks) for clothing;
4.  Apply approved repellents to skin and clothing;
5.  Regularly inspect clothing and skin for ticks; if they are detected, remove them using safe methods;
6. To strive to prevent the defeat of animals by ticks or to fight against ticks in rooms for keeping animals;
7.  Avoid staying in areas where there are a large number of ticks, and in those seasons when they are most active.

• Reducing the risk of transmission of the virus from animals to humans:

1. Keep animals in quarantine before they enter the slaughterhouse or treat the animals with pesticides in the usual manner two weeks before slaughter.

• Reducing the risk of transmission from person to person in selected communities:

1. Avoid close physical contact with people infected with CCHF;
2. Wear gloves and protective clothing when caring for sick people;
3. Wash your hands regularly after caring for or visiting sick people.

It is the tribes living in the Greek peninsula and the old state and civilization that they established because of the Greek «Helias».

As a farmer, the Hellenes or the ancient Greeks lived a very simple life at the beginning of their history, wearing a woolen shirt on their backs and a cowhide fur on their feet. The villagers used to sit in huts, which consisted of a single room, and slept together with pets. The nobles spent their lives in war, hunting, entertainment and competitions. On the other hand, those who lived by the sea used fishing boats that were not very durable.

Before being invaded by the warlike tribes of the Achaeans and the Boras, communities inhabited each other in small plains surrounded by mountains on the Greek Peninsula. Of these sites, Athens and Isparta, in particular, have a special place in the Ancient Greek civilization.

Ancient Greek people BC VI. century in the coast of Anatolia and the Mediterranean (Southern Italy, Sicily) established new cities. In spite of the great discrepancies and competition between the sites, the ancient Greek communities formed a union in terms of religion and language and thanks to this union, the sites repulsed the Persians and won two great victories against the Persians despite the crushing of the Isparta army in Termopil (Thermopylai). 490) and the Battle of Salamis (480 BC).

After these events, the ancient Greek civilization developed and especially Athens, the architects, scholars, philosophers, poets, musicians, theaters and sculptors eternalized this civilization.

Towards the end of the 5th century, Athens and Isparta wanted to dominate the whole of Greece, as the sites reconnected. That is why the Peloponnes War raged the whole country, and the plague broke the people of Athens. Thus, Athens came under pressure from Isparta and had to give up its own laws (404 BC).

The Persians who took advantage of these fights seized Anatolia but could not acquire the territory of Greece. But soon the King of Macedonia, Philippos II, would have no difficulty in conquering Greece (337 BC).

Alexander Empire

Alexander the Great's son, Alexander the Great, subjugated the rebelling sites (Thebai was razed to the ground) and began his conquests with ambition. Within a decade, he established a vast empire from the Mediterranean to the Indian coast. He settled on Darius III's throne, married his daughter, acquired new counselors, and adopted many Eastern customs. The weak unity of the Alexander Empire, however, could not withstand the competition among its successors. With the disintegration of the empire, the power of the real Greece came to an end; it was replaced by cities such as Antioch, Pergamum and Alexandria.

From Romans to Turks

The Greeks resisted the Celtic attacks for a while, but could not bear the power of the Romans and eventually succumbed to them (146 BC). Ancient Greek civilization was so rich that Rome not only looted this wealth and treasures of art, but also tried to imitate it: Greek literature, art and mythology became the most valid source for the Romans and eventually changed their civilization in a certain way. Politically, Old Greece has now become two provinces governed by proconsul. It was excluded from the great economic circulation of the Roman Empire, which gave them a summer residence.

Foreign invasions (Visigoth, Ostrogoth, Islav, Bulgarians) overturned this period of peace and led to the destruction and disintegration of Greece (from the third century to the Xth century).

Sites and Citizens

Establishment of sites in ancient Greece is a 2,500-year event, and the foundation of this civilization is the site (the police). Each site consisted of a small number (five to ten thousand) citizens; Citizens living on the site would have the right to participate in state administration by taking on various tasks (financiers, soldiers) in order and benefiting from the security of the laws.

The inhabitants were not politically equal: strangers and slaves had no rights. They were deemed as despicable and based on their elimination.

Citizens lived in the central part of the city; it was a fortified fortress during the war, and the center of political, intellectual, religious and economic life in the days of peace. Each site had its own gods and religions practiced only by its citizens.

Training also varied according to the sites. In Isparta, the children had a very strict military education. They could kill slaves (heilos) to prove their composure and insensitivity during out of teens. And they would remain soldiers ready for war for life.

The ancient Greek cities were very lively; the shopping places here were similar to the bazaars and markets seen in the current Near Eastern cities. All citizens, even slaves, gathered in a big square called agora in the middle of the city. The screams of the vegetable, wine and fish sellers met, cheered, talked, argued and shoved between the carpet and rug exhibits.

In Athens, citizens gathered in the popular parliament called Ekklesia, where they discussed the problems of their sites and made decisions about war or peace.

The open-air theater in which Sophocles, Aiskilos, Euripides 'tragedies or Aristophanes' comedies were played, was the only entertainment of the people.

Greek civilization BC Reached the highest level in the 5th century; III. century, Alexander's conquests spread all over. Despite the defeat of the army, Greece's influence extended to Rome and played a major role in the development of Roman civilization.

Highness and Misery

The beauty of the monumental buildings and the dazzling brilliance of literature should not mislead us. At that time, most Greeks lived in ruined huts in villages, simple houses in cities and primitive conditions. Sewer waters flowed through narrow streets without curb and light. All sides were full of flies, mosquitoes, mice. Anyone who came to Athens or Isparta from the outside would first encounter scum and heavy smells.

The Age of Pericles

During the period of Perikles (495-429 BC), Athens established its superiority over other Greek sites thanks to its social and cultural achievements. The ik Pericles Age bir has made a remarkable development in the field of history (Herodotus), philosophy (Socrates and Plato), theater (Aiskilos [Aiskhylos], Sophocles, Euripides) and in particular art (the works of the sculptor Pheidias in the Acropolis).

Isparta

Isparta, the great rival of Athens, was ruled by an aristocratic regime. His people consisted of three classes: heilos (slaves taken prisoner in war and cultivating the land), perioikos (Akas subjugated to Isparta) and equals (class of warriors, all considered citizens). Starting from the age of seven, the equals, who had a hard and strict education, made Isparta the most powerful state of Greece until the Med Wars.

Religion on site

Religion was part of life on the estate. All the people of the site participated in religious ceremonies directed by high officials. The rituals were bound by strict rules and required sincere participation: the Greeks believed that the gods who were jealous and feisty would not protect themselves if they did not agree sincerely.

Aristophanes

Aristophanes (445-386 BC) wrote forty comedies; The main ones are: Clouds, Wasps, Birds, Lysistrata, Plutos and Women's Assembly. Aristophanes, with a masterful style full of inventions, attacks war, opponents, money and makes the courts of Athens ridiculous. The naughty words he didn't hesitate to use would make everyone, ordinary people as well as elites laugh.

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The Security Council held closed-door consultations on Jammu and Kashmir. The three countries of India and Pakistan explained their positions to reporters.
On the morning of August 16, the Security Council held an informal closed-door consultation meeting under the "India-Pakistan issue" and heard a briefing by the UN Secretariat on the current situation in Kashmir and the work of the United Nations-India-Pakistan Military Observer Group.

Chinese position

After the consultations, Zhang Jun, the Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations, spoke to reporters outside the Council Chamber and elaborated on China’s position on the Kashmir issue.

Zhang Jun said that the Security Council has just discussed the situation in Kashmir. The members of the Security Council expressed serious concern about the current situation in Kashmir. They hope that the relevant parties will exercise restraint and avoid unilateral actions to further escalate the situation and call on the two sides to properly resolve the issue through dialogue.

Zhang Jun said that the Kashmir issue is a legacy of history between India and Pakistan. The relevant resolutions of the Security Council have determined that Kashmir’s status is undetermined and is an internationally recognized disputed area. The Kashmir issue should be properly resolved in a peaceful manner in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, relevant Security Council resolutions and bilateral agreements. This is the consensus of the international community.

Zhang Jun said that the Indian revision of the constitution changed the status quo in Kashmir and triggered regional tensions. The Chinese side expresses grave concern over the current situation in Kashmir and opposes any unilateral actions that complicate the situation. It calls on the parties concerned to exercise restraint and act cautiously, especially to avoid actions that aggravate the tension.

Zhang Jun said that the Indian side’s measures have also challenged China’s sovereign rights and interests, contrary to the agreement between the two sides on safeguarding the border areas between the two countries and peace and security. China is seriously concerned about this. He emphasized that the Indian side's measures will not have any effect on China, and will not change the fact that China exercises sovereignty over the relevant territories and the status quo of effective jurisdiction.

Zhang Jun said that both India and Pakistan are China's friendly neighbors and all are big developing countries, all of which are in a critical period of development. China calls on both sides to focus on national development, focus on peace in South Asia, properly handle historical grievances, break the zero-sum thinking, avoid unilateral actions, resolve disputes peacefully, and jointly safeguard the overall situation of regional peace and stability.

Pakistani position

Pakistani Permanent Representative to the United Nations, Maleeha Lodi, told reporters before the Security Council that Pakistan welcomes the United Nations Security Council to convene this meeting to discuss the controversial issues of Jammu and Kashmir. This is the first time the Security Council has considered this issue for more than 50 years. The convening of this meeting proved that this involved an international dispute. Some people tried to stop this meeting, and Pakistan thanked all 15 UN Security Council members for agreeing to convene this meeting.

She said that the voice of the occupied Kashmiri people has been heard today on the world's highest diplomatic platform. They are not alone. Their plight, suffering, suffering, occupation and the results of their occupation have been known today in the United Nations Security Council.

She said that the meeting reaffirmed the effectiveness of the UN Security Council resolution on the occupied Jammu and Kashmir state. Pakistan stands ready to resolve the Jammu and Kashmir issue peacefully. I think today's meeting denies India's claim that Jammu and Kashmir are India's internal affairs. Today, the world is discussing the situation in occupied Jammu and Kashmir and there.

She said that as the Chinese ambassador emphasized, the human rights situation in Jammu and Kashmir is very bad, and India is committing human rights violations in the face of impunity. The Security Council also discussed this issue today.

She said that the Pakistani Foreign Minister was hoping that the world would know that the meeting between Jammu and Kashmir was the first step taken by the Pakistani representatives of Jammu and Kashmir. But this is only the first step and will not end there. This effort will only end when the people of Jammu and Kashmir are treated fairly.

Indian position

India’s Permanent Representative to the United Nations, Akbaruddin, told reporters that the Indian side noted that two member states that had issued national statements tried to disguise the national statement as the will of the international community. The Council is a deliberative body. The way it works is well thought out. The outcome of the discussions is provided to all Member States through the President of the Council. Therefore, since some countries try to disguise their national statements as the will of the international community, India also hopes to take this opportunity to elaborate on its own national position.

He said that India’s position was and still remains: the affairs related to Article 370 of the Indian Constitution are entirely internal affairs of India. These transactions do not have an external impact. The recent decisions of the Indian government and legislature are aimed at ensuring good governance and improving the socio-economic development of the people of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh.

He said that this morning, the Chief Minister of the Jammu-Kashmir Central Territory announced a series of measures the government is taking to normalize. During the closed consultations, the Security Council expressed its appreciation and recognition for the above efforts and expressed the hope that the international community will move in the same direction. India is pleased with this.

Akbaruddin said that India is committed to the phasing out of all restrictions and has announced relevant timetables. In addition, given that this change takes place within India and has no impact on India’s foreign policy, India remains committed to ensuring stability and peace in the Kashmir region. India will also comply with all the agreements it has signed on this issue.

He said that India has noticed that some people are trying to present the current situation in an alarmist way, which is far from the actual situation on the first line. Of particular concern is the fact that one country, including the country’s leaders, used the jihad vocabulary for India and incited violence in India. He said that violence is definitely not a solution to the problem before us all. India is committed to resolving all issues between India and Pakistan, as well as India and any other country, through bilateral, peaceful, and the normal relations between nations, which is consistent with India’s consistent position.

He said that in the face of some individuals who should not make similar moves to promote terrorism, using jihad vocabulary and inflammatory rhetoric, India feels sad.

Akbaruddin said that India stands ready to continue to work towards a peaceful solution to all problems without the atmosphere of terror and violence.



History background
India and Pakistan manage parts of Kashmir, respectively, but both sides claim sovereignty over Kashmir. Since the division of India and Pakistan in 1947, the two sides have repeatedly fought for war in Kashmir.

The United Nations has long been stationed in disputed areas between India and Pakistan. In accordance with the mandate set out in Security Council resolution 307 of 1971, the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan observed and reported on the violations of the ceasefire along the lines of control and the working borders and on both sides of the two South Asian neighbours in Jammu and Kashmir. And report developments that may lead to violations of the ceasefire.

United Nations position

UN Secretary-General Guterres issued a statement on August 8 calling for maximum restraint. He stated that the position of the United Nations in the region is subject to the Charter of the United Nations and the applicable Security Council resolutions. He also reviewed the 1972 Agreement on Bilateral Relations between India and Pakistan, also known as the Shimla Agreement. He insisted that the final status of Jammu and Kashmir should be resolved through peaceful means in accordance with the UN Charter.

Ancient Greek culture is, in many ways, considered to be one of the world's leading cultures ever - and the technology sector is not excluded from all of the areas where it has excelled, with many inventions of the ancient Greek world "coming" until today.

Here are some of them, for which (perhaps) you would not expect that they were living in the ancient Greek world.

Hydraulic clock (clock): Inquisition of Alexandros Ktimacios, considered as one of the pioneers of automation. It was based on the beginning of the hourglass and could be used at night or overcast (generally without the sun).

Fire pump: And this was based on the invention of Kthyzhiou, who created the manual pump, which has arrived to our days (after Ktissibiou perfected it as a fire pump by Heron). Generally, Kthybis had been very busy with the pressure of air and fluids, with a range of inventions ranging from compressed-air weapons to lifts and a ... fit!

Odometer: It is believed to have been a creation of the Heron of Alexandria, and it was a construction that could be transported to wheeled vehicles to record distances.

Central Heating: It is said that the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus - one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World - was heated by pipelines that were on the floor and made the heat generated by fires circulated.

The robot: Filon the Byzantium, a pupil of Ktesiviou, is considered to be the "link" between Ktesiwi and Heron, such as a horse who drank water, a little girl who buzzed water, a maid, etc. This work was continued by the famous Heron the Alexandrian (1st nd-1st century AD), who created a large number of mobile devices - eg a mobile automatic theater. His work describes in detail the "Automated", the oldest known text with descriptions of automatic mechanical systems that could make programmed movements.

Lever: "Let me go and I can move" (give me somewhere to stand and move the Earth). Archimedes' famous plot is about discovering the lever-something so simple, and at the same time so wondrous.

Hydraulic wheel: A water pumping system attributed to Dimitrios Poliorketas (one of Alexander the Great's successors, best known for his besieging machines).

Alarm clock: It is said that Aristotle had made it to wake up quickly and study more. They consisted of a container of water that emptied with a selected flow rate (in each case) into another container carrying a hinged hemispheric float. At the predetermined moment of filling the container the float was overturned and the beads placed on its flat surface fell into a cup (or dish) causing noise. A similar device was the "Plato's alarm clock".

The Music Mirror: Another Kitesivi's work - a height-adjustable mirror that could balance in any location, producing musical notes at the same time.

The Archimedes steam cannon: It consisted of a metal cylindrical boiler that was connected to it with a closed water container. The boiler at its open end had a wooden barrel embedded in the stone bullet to be ejected. The barrel encrusted with a wooden beam secured with two trusses. When the boiler had reached the appropriate temperature with fire, the tap was opened, the water dropped to the boiler, evaporated rapidly, the wooden beams broke and the bullet was thrown.

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